Abstract Amazonian strains of Cyathus spp. and Geastrum spp. were studied for the ability to discolor the trypan blue azo dye and reduce its toxicity. Discoloration of trypan blue dye (0.05%) was evaluated in solid and aqueous medium over different periods. The reduction of dye toxicity after treatment was assessed by seed germination and the development of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) and toxicity test in Artemia salina (L.) larvae. All evaluated strains showed the potential to reduce the color intensity of trypan blue dye. Cyathus strains reached 96% discoloration, and C. albinus and C. limbatus also reduced dye toxicity. Geastrum strains showed a high efficiency degree in color reduction, reaching 98% discoloration, however, the by-products generated during the process presented toxicity and require further investigation. For the first time, Amazonian strains of gasteroid fungi degrading trypan blue are reported, some even reducing its toxicity. Thus, making them promising sources of enzymes of interest to bioremediation scenarios involving synthetic dyes.

Resumo Cepas amazônicas de Cyathus spp. e Geastrum spp. foram estudadas quanto a capacidade de descolorir o corante azo Azul de tripano e reduzir sua toxicidade. Foi avaliada a descoloração do corante Azul de tripano (0,05%) em meio sólido e aquoso sob diferentes períodos de tempo. A redução da toxicidade do corante após o tratamento foi avaliada através da germinação de sementes e do desenvolvimento de plântulas de alface (Lactuca sativa L.), além do teste de toxicidade em larvas de Artemia salina (L.). Todas as cepas avaliadas apresentaram potencial de reduzir a intensidade da coloração do corante azul de tripano. As cepas de Cyathus alcançaram 96% de descoloração, sendo que C. albinus e C. limbatus também reduziram a toxicidade do corante. As cepas de Geastrum apresentaram alto grau de eficiência na redução de cor, alcançando 98% de descoloração, porém, os subprodutos gerados durante o processo apresentaram toxicidade e necessitam de maior atenção. Pela primeira vez se relata cepas amazônicas de fungos gasteroides degradando o Azul de tripano, algumas ainda reduzindo sua toxicidade, tornando-as fontes promissoras de enzimas de interesse em cenários de biorremediação envolvendo corantes sintéticos.

RESUMO. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a eficácia da aplicação do Sistema de Triagem de Manchester para melhorar o fluxo de pacientes em um hospital brasileiro possibilitando obter um serviço mais acolhedor e decisivo. Desta forma, técnicas de análise de sobrevivência são aplicadas com base em modelos de regressão paramétricos cujo objetivo é investigar indicadores para o setor de emergência/urgência e, assim, contribuir para uma melhor eficiência operacional. Os resultados mostram que diferentes variáveis explicativas, tais como, classificação, idade, período, entre outras, influenciam no tempo de atendimento. Por fim, este trabalho possibilitou o desenvolvimento de um modelo simples que pode ser utilizado para prever o tempo de atendimento considerando diferentes variáveis explicativas para um hospital brasileiro em particular.

ABSTRACT. The present work intends to study the effectiveness of applying the Manchester Triage System to improve patient flow in a Brazilian hospital, which allows a more welcoming and decisive service. Thus, time to event techniques is applied based on parametric regression models with the objective of investigating indicators for the emergency/urgency sector and thus, contributing to better operational efficiency. The results show that different explanatory variables such as classification, age, period, among others, influence the time of attendance. In the end, we provide a simple model that can be used to predict such time under different explanatory variables for a particular Brazilian hospital.

ABSTRACT The pre-slaughter management is one of the predisposing factors to the reduction in the quality of the carcass and broiler meat, mainly for being a stressful condition. This study evaluates the inclusion of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) in the water used in the diet of pre-slaughter broilers for the first time. The carcass and meat quality parameters were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in the poultry production of an experimental sector of the Federal University of Grande Dourados - UFGD. A total of 2,594 broilers were distributed in an entirely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of 3x2x2, with three different lemongrass concentrations in the form of infusion (0. 1 and 5 g/L), two sexes and two genetic strains (Ross 308® and Cobb 500®), and with four replications. After 42 days, 144 broilers were slaughtered, and the quality parameters of carcass and meat were evaluated. A higher incidence of scratches and higher water retention capacity were found in Ross 308® male (p<0.05). Less exudate of breast fillets loss was observed in broiler Ross 308® males 72 h post-mortem (p<0.05). There was an interaction between sex and lemongrass levels in the drinking water of the broilers in the sensory analysis of meat (p<0.05), more preferably of chewiness and juiciness for males undergoing free diet for juiciness and lemongrass in the female diet with 5g/L. The use of lemongrass infusions in pre-slaughter did not bring considerable benefits to the quality of carcass and meat of broiler.

Abstract In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest concerning solid-state cultivation processes due to a number of advantages over submerged cultivation. However, studies on oxygen transfer and the performance of bioreactors are lacking. Processes that use inert supports loaded with chemically-defined liquid media have several potential applications and offer numerous advantages, such as improved process control and monitoring and enhanced process consistency compared with cultivation on natural solid substrates. The aim of this research was to study the oxygen transfer for the production of allergenic proteins from a biomass of Drechslera (Helminthosporium) monoceras cultured in a packed-bed reactor filled with polyurethane foam. The results show that a high protein concentration can be produced on an inert support with a high overall oxygen transfer coefficient (KLa) during cultivation.

El objeto de la presente investigación es analizar, bajo la perspectiva de género, las Crónicas de descubrimiento, conquista y colonización de Costa Rica. A partir de la huella escrita que Cristóbal Colón, Juan Vázquez de Coronado y Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo dejaron, comprobaremos cómo su descripción y percepción del Nuevo Mundo, jugó un papel decisivo para la implantación de los roles de género habidos en la Península. De esta forma, al enfoque histórico en que está inmersa esta investigación, se le añade el de género, el cual se configura como marco metodológico imprescindible. Así, la aparición de la mujer en las crónicas de Indias, la manera como se dirigen dichos escritos a este sector de la población, y la construcción de una teoría de género se convierten en los objetivos principales de atención. Los mismos nos invitan a pensar en cómo se configuró la sociedad patriarcal que emanó del proceso colonial.

This inquiry aims to analyze, following a gender approach, Costa Rican Discovery, Conquest and Colonization Chronicles. Based on the written trace left by Cristopher Columbus, Juan Vázquez de Coronado and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, we will prove how the way the described and perceived the new World played a decisive role in the introduction of gender roles in force on the Peninsula. Thus, gender approach is added to the historical approach this research is immersed in as an essential methodological framework. Therefore, the appearance of women in the Chronicles of Indias, the way chroniclers talk about this populational group in their writings, and the construction of a gender theory become the main targets here. Also, they invite us to think how patriarchal society emanated from the colonial process was informed.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar, sob uma perspectiva de gênero, as Crônicas da Descoberta, Conquista e Colonização da Costa Rica. A partir de um rastro escrito que Cristóbal Colón, Juan Vázquez de Coronado e Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo deixaram, conferiremos como sua descrição e percepção do novo Mundo teve um papel decisivo para a implantação dos papéis de gênero existentes na península. Deste modo, acrescentase ao enfoque histórico em que a presente pesquisa está imbuída, uma perspectiva de gênero, a qual se configura como um marco metodológico imprescindível. Assim, a aparição da mulher nas crônicas das Índias, a maneira como os escritos focam essa população e a construção de uma teoria de gênero, são os principais objetivos deste artigo. Esses aspectos permitem pensar como foi configurada a sociedade patriarcal que surgiu a partir do processo colonial.

The State needs financial resources to fulfill its mission in society, therefore, it is no coincidence that taxes in Latin America and particularly in Chile, are currently a topic of discussion in academic and political circles. For this reason, the cardinal purpose of this research is to describe the main features of the taxes of the countries in Latin America and Chile in particular, developing a cross-sectional analysis of the different realities in terms of taxation. To achieve this goal, we conducted an exploratory-descriptive study, and analysis of the main variables that make this type of tax, and identifying the essential components of existing tax systems. In summary we concluded that Chile has made progress in tax revenue, but has failed to eradicate poverty and reduce the economic and social gap that becomes increasingly questioned, probably one of the main causes is the value added tax (VAT). Against this, it is necessary to continue to work in equities as simplifying our tax system and reduce tax payable amount.

El Estado necesita de recursos financieros para cumplir con su misión en la sociedad, por ello, nos es casualidad que los impuestos indirectos en Latinoamérica y particularmente en Chile, sean actualmente un tema de discusión en los círculos académicos y políticos. Por este motivo, el propósito cardinal de esta investigación es describir las principales características de los tributos de los países de América Latina y Chile en particular, desarrollando un análisis transversal de las distintas realidades existentes en cuanto a la aplicación de impuestos. Para lograr este objetivo, se realizó un estudio exploratorio - descriptivo, analizando las principales variables que conforman este tipo de impuesto, e identificando los componentes esenciales de los sistemas tributarios existentes. Sintéticamente se concluyó que Chile ha avanzado en la recaudación fiscal, pero no ha logrado erradicar la pobreza ni disminuir la brecha económica y social que cada vez más se pone en tela de juicio, probablemente una de las principales causas, es el impuesto al valor agregado (IVA). Frente a esto, se hace necesario seguir trabajando en acciones como la simplificación de nuestro sistema impositivo y disminuir la cantidad impuestos a pagar.

Introduction: Currently, there is a higher occurrence of biopsychosocial diseases, especially eating disorders, involving different body systems and aspects related to the individual and their social relations. Objective: Addressing current and relevant issues about the prevalence, incidence and risk factors for anorexia and bulimia nervosa in adolescence. Methods: Search the databases: MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS for studies published on the epidemiology and risk factors for eating disorders in adolescence. Results: The highest incidence of anorexia and bulimia nervosa among girls in the middle and final phase of adolescence. Factors that increase the risk for the onset of eating disorders in adolescents are: genetics, body changes during puberty, the vulnerability of adolescents to the ideals of thinness, social pressures to be thin, body image dissatisfaction, restrictive diet, depression and low self-esteem. However, it is suggested that in different cultures, eating disorders may come from a number of conditions unrelated to compensatory behaviors or weight, but the shape of the body. Conclusions: Several factors determine the occurrence of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in adolescence, however, there is no consensus how these factors interact in this complex process, which indicates the need for further investigations.

Introducción: En la actualidad, existe la mayor ocurrencia de enfermedades de origen biopsicosocial, en especial los trastornos alimentarios, que involucran diferentes sistemas del cuerpo y los aspectos inherentes a la persona y sus relaciones sociales. Objetivo: Abordar temas actuales y relevantes acerca de la prevalencia, la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de anorexia y bulimia nerviosa en la adolescencia. Métodos: Búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE, SciELO y LILACS de estudios publicados sobre la epidemiología y los factores de riesgo de trastornos alimentarios en la adolescencia. Resultados: La mayor incidencia de la anorexia y bulimia nerviosa se presenta entre las niñas en la fase media y final de la adolescencia. Entre los factores que aumentan el riesgo para la aparición de los trastornos alimentarios en la adolescencia se encuentran: la genética, los cambios corporales en la pubertad, la vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes a los ideales de delgadez, la presión social por ser delgada, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, la dieta restrictiva, la depresión y la baja autoestima. Sin embargo, se sugiere que en las diferentes culturas los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario pueden venir de una serie de condiciones no relacionadas con las conductas compensatorias o con el peso, pero con la forma del cuerpo o parte de lo mismo. Conclusiones: Varios factores determinan la aparición de la anorexia y la bulimia en la adolescencia, sin embargo, no hay consenso en cómo interactúan estos factores en este complejo proceso, lo que indica la necesidad de más investigaciones.

Crotararia juncea L. es un importante cultivo de cobertura en condiciones de suelos marginales, especialmente en los países tropicales, la especie ha sido reportada como una planta con capacidad de crecer en suelos deficientes en P. Con el objetivo de investigar algunas respuestas de crecimiento bajo la deficiencia de P, las plantas se cultivaron en macetas de 900 ml llenas de solución nutritiva de Hoagland 2, con aireación artificial. El experimento se llevó a cabo en diseño completamente al azar, con dos tratamientos de fósforo (+P = 0,86 + mMPy -P = 0,004 mMP) con 48 repeticiones. Las plantas se cosecharon a los 15, 20, 25 y 30 días de edad para determinar la biomasa seca, relación tallo / raíz, área foliar (ÁF) total, longitud de la raíz (total y específica), P inorgánico soluble (hoja), P total (Ptotal), también se determinó la absorción de P (PAE), el índice de distribución de P y el uso eficiente P (PUE). Los resultados, indican una reducción de 61,3% ÁF, 61,74% en la biomasa aérea seca y 50,19% de la biomasa de raíz seca después de la reducción de Pi soluble hoja y Ptotal bajo -P. Por otra parte, a los 20 días de edad de la longitud de la raíz aumentó en -P, y eran más grandes (2,44 veces) en comparación con las plantas +P. En condiciones deficientes de P, las plantas mostraron una alta absorción de P y el uso eficiente de los P. Estos resultados sugieren que esta especie combina estrategias morfológicas y fisiológicas que contribuyen a la tolerancia por deficiencia de P.

Crotararia juncea L. is an important cover crop under marginal soils conditions particularly in tropical countries, the species has been reported as a plant with ability of growing with deficient P soils. With the objective of investigating some growth responses under P deficiency, plants were cultivated in pots 900 ml filled with nutrient solution Hoagland 2, with aereation artificial. The experiment was conducted in desing completely randomized, with two phosphorus treatments (+P = 0,86 mMP and -P = 0,004 mMP) with 48 repeats. Plants were harvested at 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of age for determine dry biomass, relation shoot/root, total leaf area, root length (total and specific), soluble P inorganic (leaf), total P, also were determined the absorption of P (PAE), distribution index of P and use efficiency P (PUE). According to the results, were observed a reductions 61,3% leaf area, 61,74% in dry shoot biomass, and 50,19% in dry root biomass following reductions in leaf soluble Pi and total P under -P. On the other hand, at 20 days of age the root length increased in -P, and were larger (2,44 times) as compared to the +P plants .Under deficient phosphorus conditions, the plants showed high P absorption and use efficient P. These results suggest that this species combines morphological and physiological strategies that contribute to the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency.

Con el propósito de obtener un protocolo para la inducción de callos y embriones somáticos (ES) in vitro de cultivares de cacao, Theobroma cacao L., venezolano: OCUMARE-61, OCUMARE-67, CHORONÍ-42, GUASARE-133, CHUAO-2, SANTA CRUZ DE LA VEGA-6 y SANTA CRUZ-10, se utilizó el cultivo de anteras y pétalos en medio de DKW, empleando tres fuentes de carbono (FC): glucosa , fructosa y sacarosa, bajo un diseño completamente aleatorizado con arreglo factorial 3x7. Se seleccionaron botones florales de 1,5 a 2 mm de longitud con microsporas en tétradas y se trataron previamente a 12±2 °C por 48 h. Para la inducción de callos y masas proembrio génicas se adicionaron agua de coco y amino ácidos. Los resultados obtenidos en porcentaje de explantes abultados, necrosados, inducción de callos y nivel de ploidía se analizaron mediante las pruebas Kruskal y Wallis. En este trabajo fue difícil lograr callos en ambos explantes y la respuesta varió con los genotipos y las FC. Los estudios histológicos determinaron callos organogénicos para algunos genotipos, pero sólo se observó la formación de raíces a partir de anteras de OCUMARE-61 y pétalos de CHUAO-2 en medio con sacarosa. La embriogénesis somática ocurrió a partir de pétalos de SANTA CRUZ-10 con glucosa. El conteo cromosómico determina que las raíces provenientes de anteras tenían carga genética haploide (2n=X=10), lo que indica la viabilidad de obtener insvitro plantas monoploides de cacao, evaluando así el efecto que tienen diferentes factores de tipo físico y químico sobre la respuesta organogénica de inducción de brotes en cacao

The culture of anthers and petals in vitro has been used in this research in order to get a protocol to induce callus formation and somatic embryogenesis in seven venezuelan cacao, Theobroma cacao L., cultivars: OCUMARE-61, OCUMARE-67, CHORONÍ-42, GUASARE-133, CHUAO-2, SANTA CRUZ DE LA VEGA-6 and SANTA CRUZ-10, using DKW media and three different carbon sources: glucose, fructose and sucrose. The randomized desing in a factorial arrangement 3x7 was used. Floral buds of 1.5 to 2 mm of length with microspores in tetrad stage were selected and treated at 12 °C for 48h. To callus and proembriogenic masses development, coconut water and aminoacids respectively was added in culture medium. The results of percentage of expanded explants, necrosis, callus induction and ploidy level were analyzed through Kruskal and Wallis test. In this research, callus formation was diffi cult for both explants and responses varies with cultivars and carbon source. Histological analysis allowed to establish the formation of organogenic callus in some cultivars, but only OCUMARE-61 anthers and CHUAO-2 petioles growing in media supplemented with sucrose, root formation was observed. Somatic embryogenesis was formed from SANTA CRUZ-10 petioles with glucose. The chromosomal analysis of roots revealed haploid number (2n=X=10), indicating the viability to obtain haploid cocoa plants through the anther culture technique, so it is important to study the effect of the physical and chemical factors may have under the induction of shoots and roots of cocoa somatic embryos

El crecimiento es una de las características de naturaleza cuantitativa que influye en la calidad de la canal. En el presente estudio se identificaron las regiones cromosomales responsables para la variación del crecimiento en el cromosoma 5 en una población de ganado criollo romosinuano. Se evaluaron en 72 progenies las características de peso al nacimiento, peso al destete, peso a los 12 meses y a los 16 meses, área de ojo del lomo a los 12 y 16 meses, espesor de grasa dorsal a los 12 y 16 meses, espesor de grasa del anca a los 12 y 16 meses, ganancia diaria predestete y posdestete, al igual que los genotipos de tres polimorfismos de nucleótido simple de los genes MYF5, PDE1B e IGF1 y de cuatro microsatélites BM6026, CSSM34, RM500, ETH10, distribuidos a lo largo del cromosoma. Se realizó un análisis de regresión linear el cual mostró el efecto de seis loci de rasgos cuantitativos (QTL) asociados a características de crecimiento. Cinco QTL fueron significativos (p≤0,05) para las características de peso al nacimiento, peso a los 16 meses, área del ojo de lomo a los 12 y 16 meses y ganancia diaria posdestete y un QTL se encontró con una significancia de p≤0,01 para la característica ganancia diaria predestete. Los resultados demostraron que los genes MYF5, PDE1B, IGF1 pueden ser genes candidatos posicionales que inciden en la variación del crecimiento para la calidad de la canal en el ganado romosinuano.

Growth is a quantitative trait that influences the carcass quality. In the present study, bovine chromosomal 5 regions responsible for growth variations have been identified in a romosinuano creole cattle population. The traits birth weight, weaning weight, 12 months weight, 16 months weight, the rib eye area at 12 and 16 months, back fat thickness at 12 and 16 months, rump fat thickness at 12 and 16 months, preweaning and postweaning daily gain were evaluated in 72 progenies, as well as the genotypes of 3 SNPs from the MYF5, PDE1B, IGF1 genes and 4 microsatellites (BM6026, CSSM34, RM500, ETH10) distributed along the chromosome. A linear regression analysis showed the six QTL effect associated with growth traits. Five QTL were significant at p≤0.05 for the triait birth weight, weight at 16 months, rib eye area at 12 and 16 months, and preweaning daily gain interval between 45 and 105 cM and a QTL showed a level significance of p ≤ 0.01 for the postweaning daily gain. It was demostrated according to the position of the QTLs identified in the present study, that the MYF5, PDE1B and IGF1 genes might be positional candidate genes affecting the growth variation for carcass quality in romosinuano cattle.

Cationic liposomes are an alternative to DNA non-viral carrier in gene therapy, promoting higher efficiency for transport and delivery into the cells. Liposome production large scale is still a challenge. Among many processes, from dried film adsorbed inside multitubular system promising due its operational simplicity. this field, engineering contributions scarce no mathematical treatment literature describing type of process available. formulation proposed describe kinetic considering wetting disintegration lipid followed by lipids aggregation bilayers generating liposomes. model has fitted experimental data mass thickness, being useful predictions scaling up as well contributing development pharmaceutical products.

Chitosan microspheres of a small particle size and with good sphericity were prepared by a spray-drying method followed by treatment with a cross-linking agent. Owing to restrictions on the use of cross-linked chitosan microspheres in the pharmaceutical field, d,l-glyceraldehyde, a biocompatible reatant was used. The parameters studied affecting extent of cross-linking were cross-linking time and concentration of the cross-linking agent. Glutaraldehyde, the aldehyde most frequently employed as chemical cross-linking agent for proteins, was also used as a control. The cross-linked spray-dried chitosan microspheres were analyzed with respect to their morphological aspects, particle size, zeta potential and water uptake capacity. It was found that an increase either in d,l-glyceraldehyde concentration or in duration of cross-linking caused a decrease in both the swelling capacity and the zeta potential of the chitosan microspheres. Compared to glutaraldehyde, d,l-glyceraldehyde appears to be a good cross-linking agent for chitosan microspheres with the advantage that it is nontoxic.